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采用现场测定、磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法及基质脱氢酶活性测定等方法,对4种不同养殖模式的凡纳滨对虾池塘的水质、沉积物酶活性及微生物群落结构进行了分析和研究。结果表明:养殖末期,凡纳滨对虾淡水混养和海水混养池塘水质较好,海水集约化池塘水质最差;其中海水集约化池塘沉积物基质中有机质含量、微生物生物量、微生物活性和酶活性都很高,真菌、G+菌的相对含量则很低。主成分分析(PCA)表明:第一主成分主要与脲酶、有机质含量、微生物活性、总PLFA、B/F有显著的正相关关系(r>0.9),而与Gram+/Gram-、pH、18:1ω9C/T、单不饱和/支链却存在显著的负相关关系(r>0.9);第二主成分主要与脱氢酶有显著正相关关系(r>0.8),四种池塘在PCA图中分散开,说明其微生物群落结构及环境状况存在明显差异。 相似文献
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虾蛄肉酶法制备抗氧化肽的工艺优化和活性研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以虾蛄(Oratosquillaoratoria)肉为研究的对象,用胰蛋白酶水解得到抗氧化肽,以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除率为指标,采用L16(45)正交试验和三因素三水平的响应面分析法,对酶解工艺进行分析优化。结果表明最佳的酶解工艺条件为:温度51.1°C,pH7.07,加酶量1500U/g,料液比1︰3.09,酶解时间2h,DPPH自由基清除率47.3466%,理论值与预测值相差很小,说明该方法可行。在此条件下测得羟基自由基的清除率为88.9%,超氧阴离子清除率为29.13%,还原力A700为0.243,表明虾蛄肉酶解多肽有较强的抗氧化性,可以进一步分离纯化从中提取抗氧化肽。 相似文献
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K. Poremba 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1994,22(4):166-170
APIZym strips were used for measuring the activity of 19 enzymatic reactions in marine sediment samples from the continental slope of the Celtic Sea in 135…1630 m depth. The activities of phosphatases were dominant followed by esterases, peptidases, and glycosidases. The activities were influenced by the sediment depth within the cores and the depth of the station. The results indicate that the APIZym system is able to resolve vertical stratification and spatial variability of enzymes possessing activity rates exceeding 10 nmol substrate h−1 cm−3 in sediment but not of those with lower rates which for example would be found in deep-sea sediments. 相似文献
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Paraskevi N. Polymenakou Antonio Pusceddu Anastasios Tselepides Thalia Polychronaki Antonia Giannakourou Carla Fiordelmondo Eleni Hatziyanni Roberto Danovaro 《Continental Shelf Research》2005,25(19-20):2570
Abundance of benthic bacteria, heterotrophic nanoflagellates and ciliates, extracellular enzymatic activities, bacterial C production, C mineralisation and sediment community oxygen consumption rates were measured in the Thermaikos Gulf (Northeastern Mediterranean), before (September 2001), and during intense trawling activities (October 2001 and February 2002). The biochemical composition of sedimentary organic matter has revealed that bottom trawling had an effect on the trophic state of Thermaikos Gulf. Changes on the benthic microbial food web were also recorded, during the three sampling seasons. Even though trawling-induced sediment resuspension did not alter significantly the abundance of the microbial components, with the exception of the most impacted station, it determined changes regarding their relative importance. Thus, the ratios of bacterium to nanoflagellates and ciliate to nanoflagellates abundance increased in the trawled stations, causing a sudden increase in bacterial C production, in comparison to the non-trawled station. Four months later, the effects of trawling on the microbial food web were less evident, masked possibly by the drastic decrease in the water temperature. The results of the present work suggest that bottom trawling induces alteration of the sedimentological variables and can be considered as a factor affecting the function of the microbial food web in marine coastal ecosystems. These alterations cause faster mobilisation of organic C buried in the sediment and increase nutrient concentrations and availability in the system, thus inducing an effect that could lead to coastal eutrophication. 相似文献
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两类榴辉岩的石榴石变形特征差异——来自TEM研究的证据 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：9
大陆碰撞造山带中超高压榴辉岩从变形程度上通常可以分为面理化榴辉岩和块状榴辉岩两类。本文利用透射电子显微镜对中国大陆科学钻探主孔岩心中面理化榴辉岩和块状榴辉岩的石榴石变形特征进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)面理化榴辉岩中石榴石的位错密度比块状榴辉岩中石榴石的位错密度高大约3个数量级,位错密度达1.2×1010/cm2。并且有水分子团与高密度位错共存,表明主导石榴石发生强烈塑性变形的机制为水弱化的位错滑移。(2)块状榴辉岩中石榴石的位错密度低,没有观察到水分子团,虽然在局部发现有位错网,但总体上仍呈刚性。(3)两类榴辉岩的石榴石中占主导地位的位错滑移系都是1/2<111>{110},其次为<100>{010}。本文对变形石榴石晶体中水的赋存状态、水弱化机制及变形石榴石形态优选方位与晶格优选方位不协调问题进行了讨论:(1)水在石榴石晶体中有三种可能赋存状态:第一种是吸附于位错管道中的极化水分子;第二种是通过晶体表面以及位错管道扩散进入晶格的间隙水分子;第三种是以4OH-替代SiO44-形式的结构水。(2)石榴石水弱化机制有两种可能:一种是水弱化促进的位错滑移机制,在面理化榴辉岩石榴石的塑性变形中起主导作用;另一种是水弱化促进的扩散和颗粒边界滑移机制,在面理化榴辉岩石榴石的塑性变形中只起次要作用。(3)变形石榴石不产生明显的LPO是由其晶体结构本身特征所决定的,并不能排除其主导变形机制仍然是位错滑移的可能性。 相似文献
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The extent to which marine organic matter is associated with surfaces and the consequences of such associations for organic matter remineralization are the focus of considerable attention. Since extracellular enzymes operating outside microbial cells are required to hydrolyze organic macromolecules to sizes sufficiently small for substrate uptake, the effects of surface interactions–on enzymes as well as on substrates–for hydrolytic activity also require investigation. We used a simplified laboratory system consisting of a free (dissolved) polysaccharide (pullulan) and the same polysaccharide tethered to agarose beads to restrict mobility, plus the corresponding free enzyme (pullulanase) and the same enzyme sorbed to montmorillonite (Mte), to investigate systematically the consequences of surface associations of enzymes and of substrates on hydrolytic activity. Changes in substrate molecular weight were monitored with time to measure the course of enzymatic hydrolysis. Although hydrolysis of free substrate was nearly complete after 2 min incubation with the free enzymes, the sorbed enzymes also effectively hydrolyzed free substrate, and the data suggest that they retained activity longer in solution compared to the free enzymes. Sorbed enzymes progressively hydrolyzed the free substrate from > 50 kD to lower molecular weights during a 24 h incubation, with a final product distribution on average showing only 1.4% and 10.3% of substrate still in the > 50 kD and 10 kD size classes, while 46.6%, 29.3%, and 12.5% of substrate was in the 4 kD, monomer, and free tag size classes, respectively. This product distribution was very similar to that of the free substrate/free enzyme experiment. Tethering the substrate to agarose beads led to lower substrate release (2–3% of total substrate after 98 h incubation) into solution compared to the free substrate case. For tethered substrates, the state of the enzyme (free or sorbed) measurably affected the molecular weight distribution of the hydrolysis products, with free enzymes producing a higher fraction of high molecular weight hydrolysis products (28.7 ± 5.4% of substrate > 50 kD at the end of the incubation) compared to sorbed enzymes (11.6 ± 2.8% of substrate > 50 kD at the end of the incubation.) Tethered substrates were also hydrolyzed in a sediment slurry from surface sediments from Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina; 0.1% of total substrate was released by enzymes naturally present in 1 cm3 of sediment after 144 h incubation, demonstrating that the enzymes naturally present in marine sediments are also capable of accessing tethered substrates. These investigations suggest that surface associations of enzymes in marine systems may extend the active lifetime of such enzymes, providing an opportunity for hydrolysis over longer periods of time and producing a different size spectrum of hydrolysis products relative to free enzymes. Furthermore, in well-mixed systems, surface-associated enzymes can hydrolyze substrates whose mobility is restricted, highlighting the importance of processes such as resuspension and bioturbation on organic matter remineralization. 相似文献
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以华北陆块南部豫西偃师县龙门镇地区全取芯铝土矿钻孔ZK4704为主要研究对象,通过岩芯观察和垂向上连续取样,运用扫描电镜、能谱分析、X射线衍射分析、差热分析、红外光谱分析等手段对本溪组含铝岩系的矿物学特征及其垂向变化规律进行了分析。研究表明,偃龙地区本溪组含铝岩系的矿物均为自生矿物,除后期重结晶作用的影响外,主要以隐晶质或微晶存在,矿物成分在垂向上具有明显的变化规律:下部和上部泥岩以粘土矿物为主,但下部泥岩以伊利石为主,上部泥岩以高岭石为主。中部铝矿物含量较高,粘土矿物含量较少。在上述分析基础上,以化学风化作用的基本原理和产生的条件为联结本溪组含铝岩系矿物学特征和原岩的纽带,分析了铝土矿的原岩。认为,可以迅速水解的火山灰是最有可能的含铝岩系的原岩,而由弱碱性的海相环境逐渐转变为弱酸性沼泽环境的海退序列可以很好地解释水解过程中化学环境的变化,含铝岩系基底强烈的古岩溶作用,可以为硬水铝石的产生提供良好的泄水条件。偃龙地区本溪组铝土矿的火山灰物源可由华北陆块北缘和我国西部地区同时期强烈活动的火山作用提供。 相似文献
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Seawater and sediment were collected on a monthly basis from a shallow (10.5 m depth) coastal site in the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean) from November 1993 to December 1994 to determine the main environmental forces that influenced the biogeochemical processes and to study the relationships between the availability and lability of the organic matter (OM) and hydrolytic enzymatic activity. The current direction throughout the sampling year was influenced by the climatic conditions, which showed significant correlations with north atlantic oscillation (NAO) index values. The current generally flowed northwards in spring. This could cause significantly lower transparency values than in the summer, when an eastward current probably reduced the allochthonous input of material from the main local watercourse and contributed to turning the conditions from mesotrophic to oligotrophic. Spring and summer were separated by transitional periods more than by the canonical autumn and winter seasons. These transitions were characterised by a reduction in salinity values and by resuspension caused by water column mixing and a current flowing towards the southwest. The significant inverse correlations of the chlorophyll-a and protein concentrations, bacterial abundance and proteolysis of the bottom seawater and transparency showed the direct influence of resuspension on the organic matter dynamics. Moreover, OM trophic quality influenced the bacterial parameters and the enzymatic activities. The glycolytic β glucosidase and chitinase activities and their bacterial cell-specific hydrolytic rates were higher when substrates such as hydrolysable proteins were available, while they decreased when refractory compounds were abundant. The low leucine aminopeptidase: β glucosidase ratio values observed in the water column were presumably related to the potential ease with which microbes obtained protein-derived materials and energy, the protein hydrolysable fraction being estimated at ca. 90%. The significant correlations of protein with the chlorophyll-a concentrations suggested an autotrophic-derived origin, although the higher chlorophyll-a values corresponded to lower hydrolysable protein concentrations and an increase in the autotrophic biomass at the surface was correlated with a reduction in the proteolytic affinity for substrates, suggesting that a recent origin did not necessarily mean higher trophic availability. 相似文献